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Research characterises the child as an active learner, who attends more to and selectively retains information they actively elicit better than information they passively receive. At the same time, children learn best from knowledgeable others who tailor information to children’s learning progress. Bringing these disparate findings together requires examining children’s active learning in social interactions. The current study examines whether the active learning advantage persists in social interactions with others and is influenced by the pedagogical status of their social partner (mother, father or friend). We tested 4- to 5-year-old children with their social partners (Nfriend = 47, Nmother = 44, Nfather = 53) during a word learning task using a novel setup where two participants can interact with visual objects on a transparent touchscreen while observing each other. Participants could either actively choose objects to hear their labels or passively observe their partner's choices. Early in the task, there was an overall active benefit, although this pattern appeared to be predominantly driven by interactions between peers. Later in the task, learning appeared to be dynamic and more influenced by the social partner with whom the child was interacting, especially when considering interactions with their peers and their fathers. Together, these findings underscore the temporal and social dynamics of an active learning benefit in children's social interactions.

Different women experience hormonal contraceptives differently, reporting side effects on their well-being that range from adverse to beneficial. Research on such causal effects of hormonal contraceptives on psychological outcomes struggles both to identify average causal effects and to capture potential heterogeneity in women’s treatment responses. In this study, we leveraged longitudinal data to improve the separation of causal effects of hormonal contraceptives from other sources of association (e.g., confounding, reverse causality, attrition). In this programmatic registered report (stage 1 protocol: https://osf.io/kj3h2; date of in-principle acceptance: 28/09/2023), we analyzed up to 14 waves of data from up to 5,232 women aged 16 to 50 (24,306 observations) who participated in the German PAIRFAM panel. To deal with confounding and to probe the robustness of findings, we implemented two analysis approaches: adjusted regression analysis and inverse probability of treatment weighting. We found no evidence for average treatment effects of hormonal contraceptives on depressiveness, life satisfaction, or self-esteem. Furthermore, we found relatively low heterogeneity in individual treatment effects on depressiveness, life satisfaction, and self-esteem. Nevertheless, we found initial evidence that interindividual differences were systematically related to individual treatment effects. In particular, women higher in neuroticism tended to experience more beneficial effects on depressiveness and on life satisfaction. Individual treatment effects did not predict women’s decisions about which contraceptive method to use in the long run. These findings contribute to our understanding of the effects of hormonal contraceptives in a naturalistic setting. Public health efforts should avoid overstating risks to well-being since media-driven "pill scares" may ultimately harm individuals, including vulnerable populations.

Liebe Alle, Frau Nyenhuis wird wahrscheinlich auch am Mittwoch, den 17.12.2025 noch abwesend sein. Die Fachaufsicht übernimmt Mirjana Ruhleder. Liebe Grüße Anna TBZ-Büro